Christopher Dietrich – Fordham Now https://now.fordham.edu The official news site for Fordham University. Tue, 19 Nov 2024 17:38:37 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://now.fordham.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/favicon.png Christopher Dietrich – Fordham Now https://now.fordham.edu 32 32 232360065 Giulia Crisanti, GSAS ’21: Examining the Role of ‘Glocalization’ https://now.fordham.edu/commencement/commencement-2021/giulia-crisanti-gsas-2021-examining-the-role-of-glocalization/ Mon, 10 May 2021 14:25:34 +0000 https://news.fordham.sitecare.pro/?p=149061 Giulia Crisanti, a Ph.D. candidate for history in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, wasn’t exactly gung-ho about moving from Italy to New York City in 2015. In fact, Crisanti chose to earn her bachelor’s and master’s degrees at the University of Pisa so she could escape the congestion and noise of her native Rome.

But Crisanti knew she needed to move to the United States to finish her research.

“I was this Italian scholar in Italy studying the impact of Americanization on Italy during the Cold War. I realized there was no better way to complete my studies than by coming to the U.S.,” she said.

She came to New York in part to work with Silvana Patriarca, Ph.D., a Fordham history professor who specializes in the socio-cultural history of modern Italy and has written about nationalism, gender, race, and the making of national identities.

“I knew and appreciated her work, but most of all, I liked the idea that her specific area of expertise was close to mine, but not equal,” Grisanti said.

“To me, this meant that she could be an ideal mentor, but also leave space for my personal initiatives and ideas, which she did wonderfully.”

‘Europeans are Lovin’ It?’

Crisanti’s final dissertation is titled “Europeans Are Lovin’ It? Coca-Cola, McDonald’s and the Challenges to American Global Businesses in Italy and France, 1886 – 2015.” The goal of the paper, for which she was advised by Patriarca and Christopher Dietrich, Ph.D., is to refute widely held assumptions that American corporations have succeeded because they promote uniquely “American” products around the world.

Backed by archival sources spanning three languages and two continents, Crisanti makes the case that companies such as McDonald’s and Coca-Cola were themselves changed as much as they changed the local culture where they established subsidiaries.

“In a context in which more and more, we tend to associate globalization with enduring American hegemony and enduring forms of American imperialism, what is American globalization actually?” she asked in an interview.

Influence Goes Both Ways

In fact, Crisanti makes the case that the soda, hamburgers, and French Fries associated with the two companies are not exclusively American, due to the influence of Europeans on their development.

The success of these firms rests on being “glocal,” she said, which is why a McDonald’s in Rome is technically an Italian company that caters to the local population by offering a McCrunchy Bread with Nutella for dessert.
Crisanti argues that a better alternative to this kind of globalization is embodied in groups such as the anti-globalization movement spearheaded by French farmer José Bové and Carlo Petrini’s Slow Food movement, which are rooted in—and support—local culture but also “glocal.”

She has worked with groups like these that she says “valorize” cultural traditions and hopes her research will support them further.

“The dissertation became an opportunity to study not just the reaction against Americanization, but also the reaction against globalization and the role played by major multinational corporations,” said Crisanti, who is currently interviewing for post-doctoral opportunities in Italy and the U.S. and hopes to get a position combining research and teaching.

Learning from the Past

Dietrich said what made Crisanti’s research so exciting is it tells a new story about not only the influence of American businesses in Europe in the 21st century but also the influence of European governments and societies on those American businesses and their adaptability.

“We all know the classic stories of Coca-Cola being associated with U.S. soldiers in World War II, but to see how McDonald’s met building codes to fit into Italian town life and hear how Coca Cola bottlers worked to develop their networks and made arguments for Coca Cola being part of those cultures, it’s really quite interesting,” he said.

“Today, we’re so caught up with and passionate about politics, and that extends to our understanding of corporations and their place in society, and I think it’s important for us to take a step back for a moment. Studying the diplomacy of business helps us understand that there are a lot of different factors at play in major decisions, and I don’t think we can get today right unless we have some distance from it.” By going all the way back to 1886 and the beginnings of Coca-Cola, he said, “she reminds us to take that distance.”

Crisanti said she knew moving to New York City would take her out of her comfort zone but ultimately found it to be an experience for growth. A big reason for this, she said, was that the history department at Fordham values cooperation over competitiveness.

“I believe that any program should first encourage students to cooperate and improve, and Fordham does that,” she said. “The human aspect is as valued as the academic/scholar aspect.”

 

 

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History Seminar Highlights Research Challenges https://now.fordham.edu/politics-and-society/history-seminar-highlights-research-challenges/ Fri, 14 Dec 2018 20:53:29 +0000 https://news.fordham.sitecare.pro/?p=110676 Be prepared to find material you might not expect, and always be skeptical of your sources.

Those were just a few of the suggestions two Fordham history professors shared at a lunch seminar, where they shared preliminary findings from ongoing research projects.

The seminar, which featured Christopher Dietrich, Ph.D., and Yuko Miki, Ph.D., both associate professors of history, was held on Dec. 4 in the Walsh Library’s O’Hare Special Collections room at Rose Hill. The informal lunchtime gathering of scholars and doctoral students was sponsored by the O’Connell Initiative for the Global History of Capitalism, which aims to broaden the ways in which capitalism is understood.

The History of U.S. Energy Policy

Dietrich, the author of Oil Revolution: Anticolonial Elites, Sovereign Rights, and the Economic Culture of Decolonization (Cambridge University Press, 2017), spoke about a project he’s been working on about U.S. foreign oil policy and domestic culture in the 20th century.

Talking to students about his research on oil policy during that time period, he said the common thread of the era is policymakers’ feelings of vulnerability and insecurity.

He broke the century into three eras. From 1910-45, the United States rose as a global power. The years between 1945-1973, on the other hand, were a period in which temporary measures adopted during World War II became permanent.   

“That permanency of a total economy always being protected by an advanced military posture is something I’m concerned with,” he said.

From 1973 to the present day, he said American power in the Middle East has been less focused on infrastructure, and more focused on finance.

“Within that broad story, there are a million smaller stories, and part of what the O’Connell Initiative allowed me to do was dig in a bunch places for those smaller stories,” he said.

One of the archives he visited was the George H.W. Bush Library and Museum in College Station, Texas. Although he was primarily interested in Bush’s thought process leading up to the 1990 war with Iraq, he also looked at the journal Bush kept when he was ambassador to the United Nations from 1971to 1973.

“I like to do personal history and intellectual and ideological work on the background of actors before they become principal movers in the story, and I was interested just to see if Bush said anything about third-world solidarity, sovereignty at the time,” he said.

The Unspoken Truths of Slavery

Miki, the author of Frontiers of Citizenship: A Black and Indigenous History of Postcolonial Brazil (Cambridge University Press, 2018), shared the ways she is expanding her research into slavery the Iberian Atlantic with visits to archives in Lisbon, Portugal, among other places.

Slavery that took place even after it was outlawed is a good place to center a critique of capitalism, because England and the United States, which were ascendant at the time, could not have made progress without it.

“So many of the narratives about slavery that we study are of the 19th century as the age of emancipation. It’s a very liberal triumphalist narrative where we all seem to be forming a western world where liberty triumphs over slavery,” she said, noting that in fact, a staggering amount of illegal slavery still took place at the time.

The Mary B. Smith, one of the last illegal slave ships to be captured on January 20, 1865, is a perfect example, she said. Brazil had won its independence in 1822, but its legitimacy rested on England’s recognition that it had abolished slavery. The capture of the Mary B. Smith was celebrated in newspapers on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean as proof of this change.

To understand Brazilian slavery, one needs to include its former colonial master, Portugal. When Miki did research there, she found what purported to be a manifest from the Mary B. Smith, with the names, ages, and genders of the 500 slaves who were “liberated” when the ship was captured.

“At first you think, ‘I have a list of the people on the ship. Maybe there’s a potential to write a history of these people.’” she said.

“But then you look at when they died: the 3rd of February, the 4th of February. Every person is dead. What do you do with a list of people who are liberated, but are already dead?”

The list was beautifully crafted, even though it detailed horrific suffering. That was the first clue that there was more to the list than met the eye, she said. Then there was the issue of the timing of the list’s creation, shortly before the slaves all perished.

“If you’re dying, you don’t speak Portuguese, you’re terrified, you’re barely alive, how does someone create this list?” she said.

Miki determined that a Brazilian official made up names and ages for real people who had died on the ship. By doing so, she said, he hoped to demonstrate that the country was serious about ending slavery, even it meant acknowledging those who were already dead.

It shows why scholars of capitalism need be more skeptical of the way they rely on merchant ledgers as a resource, she said. Sometimes, an “archive of liberation,” such as the one she discovered, is merely a mask for unimaginable agony.

“You need to account for the suffering. You can’t just make it a footnote to the success of antislavery,” she said.

The O’Connell Initiative in the Global History of Capitalism, which is supported by a gift Robert J. O’Connell, FCRH ’65, brings together scholars of every aspect of capitalism, from its earliest medieval manifestations to its global reach today. In addition to groundbreaking research, it supports lectures, debates, and workshops.

Grace Yen Shen, Ph.D., associate professor of Chinese history and director of graduate studies in history, said the monthly O’Connell Initiative gatherings have the given members of her department a new way to connect with each other.

The word “global” is often used to reference phenomena such as global warming, she said, or it’s used as a code word for non-western countries. In contrast, the initiative has helped history scholars see how European or American subjects like the Crusades or the American Revolution are very much part of a larger, worldwide system of monetary exchange.

For students, there’s also real value in hearing faculty talk about how they work in archives, she said.

“We’re not just saying, ‘Here are my results.’ We’re saying, ‘This is a process. You might be worried about whether your process is going well, but we’re doing the same thing,’” she said.

“As faculty, we’re pulling back the curtain a little bit, to talk about what it looks like, what the actual skills are, and how you sometimes cope with the challenges that happen.”

 

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How a Generation of Leaders Shaped an Oil Revolution https://now.fordham.edu/politics-and-society/generation-leaders-shaped-oil-revolution/ Wed, 06 Sep 2017 16:52:36 +0000 https://news.fordham.sitecare.pro/?p=77369 Iranian lawyer Djalal Abdoh, pictured here at the 1945 founding conference of the United Nations, played a key role in advancing the sovereign rights movement.When Americans think of the “energy crisis” of 1973, we tend to think of long lines at the gasoline pumps. But for the leaders of the Mideast nations who had come of age in the shadow of imperialist domination by the West, the energy crisis was called by  another name: the “oil revolution.”

In his first book, Assistant Professor of History Christopher Dietrich, Ph.D., traces the history of the postcolonialist Oil Revolution Book Coverelites who upended the exploitive system of Western corporate control of petroleum in favor of sovereign control over resources.

Oil Revolution: Anticolonial Elites, Sovereign Rights, and the Economic Culture of Decolonization, (Cambridge University Press, 2017), tells the story of how a generation of leaders took control of their most precious natural resource and used their newfound power to usher in a new era of international economics.

The anticolonial elites Dietrich refers to were mainly Western-educated lawyers and economists who found a community of sorts in the nascent United Nations and in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, where they would

Christopher Dietrich, history professor at Fordham
Christopher Dietrich

gather “to talk about their problems and find solutions,” says Dietrich. There, they would “share information and create proposals and strategies as part of a long-term structural undertaking in the international community.”

The result was not just, in Dietrich’s words, “the most concentrated nonviolent transfer of global wealth in human history” but a profound transformation of the global order. Oil Revolution provides a penetrating analysis of this little-understood but crucial period in geopolitical history—one whose repercussions continue to this day, he says.

The politics of the Mideast are difficult to understand without, for example, an accounting of the Arab oil embargo of 1967—a critical episode that Dietrich analyzes in his book. In one sense, the embargo was a tactical failure: it did not succeed in forcing a change in American support for Israel, and there is evidence that some of the nations were surreptitiously violating the embargo. In another sense, however, it paved the way for the success of the 1973 embargo, which radically changed the contours of power in the international order.

What lessons specifically can be drawn from Oil Revolution? Dietrich says that, as a historian, he is hesitant to draw clear-cut lessons from the past to the future. “But one aspect of this story that is important to understand is the ability of these anticolonial elites to work together and to form a coherent strategy” from the concert of ideas, he says. “Ideas about sovereignty and national control over one’s destiny extend into the economic realm, nowhere more importantly than in the oil industry.”
–Michael Lindgren

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Black History: Ralph Bunche’s World View of Race https://now.fordham.edu/politics-and-society/black-history-ralph-bunches-global-view-of-race/ Fri, 10 Feb 2017 06:00:00 +0000 http://news.fordham.sitecare.pro/?p=64206 To find a person whose life embodies the major milestones of a century is rare. But to one Fordham historian, Ralph Bunche, the first African-American Nobel Peace Prize winner, comes remarkably close.

Christopher Dietrich
Photo by Chaewon Seo

Christopher Dietrich, Ph.D., an assistant professor of history at Fordham, is at work on a biography of Bunche. It’s not the first, but he hopes it will bring to the fore new ideas about 20th-century politics, society, and foreign relations. Dietrich is one of five scholars nationwide to receive the 2016 Nancy Weiss Malkiel Junior Faculty Fellowship from the Woodrow Wilson Foundation, which he will use to do research toward the book, titled Tortured Peace: Ralph Bunche, Race, and UN Peacemaking.

“Ralph Bunche hated being identified as the first person of color to do things, but he was a trailblazer,” said Dietrich.

Bunche’s life as a scholar, diplomat, peacemaker, rights activist, and intellectual spanned the critical decades of the 20th century—from the 1920s to the 1970s. It was a time, said Dietrich, when tumult both at home and abroad ran high, and Bunche came to be at the center of new ideas about race and oppression as “probably the most well-known black person in the world after having won the Nobel Peace Prize.”

The Talented Tenth

Bunche had early aspirations to be one of W.E.B. Du Bois’ Talented Tenth, Dietrich said, a group of elite African-American scholars who could serve as thought leaders for their race. Following his graduation from UCLA in 1927 (he was valedictorian of his class), Bunche went to Harvard and became the first African American to earn a doctorate of political science from an American university.

Bunche’s Paris library card from a research trip on French African colonies.
Photo by Chris Dietrich

Dietrich’s initial interest in Bunche arose from reading the scholar’s Harvard dissertation on African colonialism and the mandate system at the League of Nations. Bunche had done fieldwork research in French West Africa, and his analysis of colonialism, global oppression, and political systems was “strikingly radical” for its time, he said.

“His dissertation sits somewhere in between Lenin and the West in its critique of colonialism as an oppressive capitalist system,” said Dietrich. “He believed strongly in independence from colonial rule.”

At the same time, says Dietrich, Bunche’s overview in the 1930s was shaped by his radical belief that class trumps race in the fight to overcome oppression. “He believed in order for there to be a change in the political system, the white working class and black working class needed to form a coalition,” and that, globally, those under colonial rule no matter the race—Africans, Asians, Middle Easterners, Indians, and others—all shared a similar “self-aware spirit of hopefulness” that they’d be able to conquer racist systems.

“This is an African-American man saying this—someone who assigns Marxist economic tracts to his students,” said Dietrich. “It was radical.”

Bunche and the U.N.

Bunche, pictured with Ambassador Nasrollah Entezam, was the subject of a U.N. video. Click to watch.

Enter World War II. Already a well-respected Howard University professor, Bunche was summoned by the Roosevelt Administration to work in the Department of State, said Dietrich, as one of the nation’s leading experts on African-continent colonialism. He then became involved in the planning for the United Nations (to replace the League of Nations), and was instrumental in writing certain articles in the U.N. charter.

“Bunche presses for, and in fact partially authors, clauses in the charter that allow colonized peoples to make direct reports and demands [for ending colonial rule] of the U.N.,” he said.

Such work, he said, had a “quickening effect” on the process of decolonization around the world. From the U.N.’s founding in 1948 into the end of the 1970s, the member nations grew from the original 51 to more than 150—many of them African, Asian, or Middle Eastern former colonies that arrived at independence.

Nobel Undertakings and Civil Rights

As the visibility of race and globalism advanced, Bunche’s expertise was in high demand, said Dietrich. As the director and key player in the U.N. Observer Group in Palestine, he became the lead negotiator in the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict, implementing first a cease-fire and then the armistice agreement. For his peacekeeping role, he was awarded the 1950 Nobel prize.

Bunche, arm-in-arm with Martin Luther King Jr. during the Selma to Montgomery March, 1965

When the Civil Rights movement came into its own in the second half of the 20th century, Bunche was a solid supporter, yet grew “deeply critical of the more radical side” of the movement, said Dietrich, due to his strong commitment to peacemaking. He locked arms with Martin Luther King Jr. in the Selma march and marched on Washington in 1963. But he grew disillusioned with certain activist and separatist factions and their leaders, including Malcolm X and Stokely Carmichael.

“Carmichael famously said ‘You can’t have Bunche for lunch,’” said Dietrich—the suggestion being he was considered a lightweight by radical black activists.

Dietrich said Bunche continued working at the U.N., negotiating peace efforts in the Congo and being an outspoken critic against the Vietnam War, until his death in 1971.

“Bunche’s life was very particular to the mid-20th century and the major challenges facing the nation and world—whether it was civil rights at home or decolonization abroad,” said Dietrich. “Through his biography, we have a chance to see how somebody with a penetrating intellect and forceful presence navigated the great moments of his day when universal questions come into play—the tension between idealism and pragmatism, the work necessary to find justice and peace. These are some questions that are forever relevant to the human condition.”

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James Donovan, A Family Man Bearing Cold War Burdens https://now.fordham.edu/politics-and-society/james-donovan-a-family-man-bearing-cold-war-burdens/ Wed, 10 Feb 2016 17:00:00 +0000 http://news.fordham.sitecare.pro/?p=40950 Taking part in a panel discussion of James B. Donovan’s life were, from left, his granddaughter, Beth Amorosi; his daughter, Jan Donovan Amorosi; his son, John Donovan; Fordham history professor Christopher Dietrich; and Jim Jennewein, a screenwriter and artist in residence at Fordham.

One morning decades ago, James B. Donovan and his daughter were sharing a cab on the way into Manhattan, where she attended high school, when she noticed him rubbing his hands together.

“I said, ‘Dad, what’s going on? Is this something big?’” said Donovan’s daughter, Jan Donovan Amorosi. “He said, ‘Yes, but I can’t talk about it.’”

That vignette emerged at a Feb. 9 Fordham event that showed what it was like to grow up with a father whose pursuit of duty and high principle took him deep into the world of closely guarded Cold War secrets.

Donovan was apparently good at keeping them: “That was literally the only hint I ever had that something … very big was coming up,” said Amorosi.

She spoke as part of a panel discussion and screening of Bridge of Spies, the Oscar-nominated Steven Spielberg film starring Tom Hanks as Donovan, who was a 1937 Fordham graduate.

Donovan was a nationally prominent insurance lawyer who faced heated criticism—including threats and charges of being a “commie lover”—when he agreed to represent accused Russian spy Rudolf Ivanovich Abel. He successfully argued against the death penalty for Abel and, later, traveled to East Berlin to negotiate the swap of Abel for Americans being held in the Soviet Bloc—after telling his wife he’d be visiting friends in Scotland.

By putting Abel’s due process rights above both his own and the country’s anticommunist sentiment, Donovan showed that he “truly was a man of principles,” said Jim Jennewein, Hollywood screenwriter and artist in residence at Fordham, one of the panelists.

“That’s one of the reasons why … his story is so interesting,” Jennewein said. “He is as bound by his principles as he is by his patriotism, so he’s in constant conflict between these two poles.”

Also on the panel were Donovan’s son, John Donovan; his granddaughter, Beth Amorosi; and Fordham history professor Christopher Dietrich, PhD.

There were lighter moments, as when John Donovan described an exchange between his parents about all the time his father was spending on his work. “My father said to her, ‘If you are accused of a capital crime, I will reverse the division of my time,’ and then she said, ‘You’ll find that difficult if you’re the victim of a capital crime,’” Donovan said, to laughter.

There’s a strong Fordham connection in the Donovan family, John Donovan said, noting that his great-uncle attended Fordham Law School and his great-grandfather was an adjunct at the medical school Fordham operated early in the 20th century. And on his mother’s side of the family is Archbishop John Hughes, the founder of Fordham, he said.

Donovan was “profoundly influenced by his Jesuit education,” John Donovan said. Beth Amorosi said the movie very effectively portrays her grandfather’s “humanitarian instincts in approaching very complex and quite difficult situations and quite difficult people with competing ideologies.”

After negotiating the spy swap, Donovan met several times with Fidel Castro to secure the release of Cubans captured in the United States’ failed Bay of Pigs invasion. And his career of service began with another seminal event, the Nuremberg trials, where he served as an assistant prosecutor and played a key role in assembling film footage of Nazi atrocities.

“If we hadn’t had those films, the question arises: Would our memory have faded much sooner of the horrors of World War II?” Jennewein asked. “That is part of Jim Donovan’s legacy.”

 

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Bridge of Spies Screening to Explore Cold War Clash of Principle and Politics https://now.fordham.edu/politics-and-society/bridge-of-spies-screening-to-explore-cold-war-clash-of-principle-and-politics/ Tue, 02 Feb 2016 15:50:00 +0000 http://news.fordham.sitecare.pro/?p=40301 On Feb. 9, a panel discussion and screening of the film Bridge of Spies will highlight the story of James B. Donovan, FCRH ’37, who pulled off one of history’s most famous spy swaps. In the movie, Donovan is portrayed by Tom Hanks (pictured above).A Feb. 9 event at Fordham will offer insight into the Cold War epic of James B. Donovan, a Fordham graduate whose principled arguments and courageous diplomacy brought about a strategic win for the United States.

Donovan, FCRH ’37, was a New York lawyer who successfully argued against the death penalty for a convicted Soviet spy and later negotiated the swap of that spy for Americans being held behind the Iron Curtain. The event will begin with a panel discussion about Donovan, followed by a screening of Bridge of Spies, the Oscar-nominated movie about Donovan directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Tom Hanks.

Sitting on the panel will be John Donovan and Beth Amorosi, who are Donovan’s son and granddaughter, respectively, and Jim Jennewein, Hollywood screenwriter and artist in residence at Fordham. Christopher Dietrich, history professor at Fordham, will moderate.

Register here for the event, at 5:30 p.m. on Feb. 9 in the Costantino Room at Fordham Law School.

Donovan’s story is notable for his decision to stand up for the due process rights of an accused Soviet spy—Rudolf Ivanovich Abel—at a time of fervent anticommunism in the United States, Dietrich said.

“The ability to act morally in a period where the ideological debate was so heated, and clouded so many different people’s decisions is why we’re still thinking about that story today,” he said. While Donovan makes decisions that run against the country’s anticommunist fervor, “in the end he has a clear conscience, and he knows he’s stood up for a value that’s greater: the right to an attorney and the right to a fair trial,” Dietrich said.

Dietrich also noted how Donovan’s arguments against the death penalty included both principle and the practical consideration of possibly using Abel in a prisoner swap with the Soviets at some later date. When that scenario came to pass, “people in positions of power, including President Eisenhower, [were]very grateful that he was willing to take a stand,” Dietrich said.

“What for [Donovan] was a moral stand actually ends up being a good strategic decision, and that relation between strategy and principles is what this story is really about,” Dietrich said.

Studying this and other Cold War episodes shows how ideology and geopolitics work together to shape our lives, he said. “It is important to understand the kinds of questions that these historical figures dealt with and how they dealt with them in a way that, in this case, quite frankly is marked for its strong sense of morals and clear analysis,” he said.

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The Loneliness of Sovereignty https://now.fordham.edu/inside-fordham/the-loneliness-of-sovereignty/ Mon, 02 Dec 2013 21:47:10 +0000 http://news.fordham.sitecare.pro/?p=5396  

Christopher Dietrich researches the history of U.S. foreign relations with an emphasis on decolonization and intellectual history.   Photo by Chaewon Seo
Christopher Dietrich researches the history of U.S. foreign relations with an emphasis on decolonization and intellectual history.
Photo by Chaewon Seo

The modern consumer need only start her car or heat his house to understand why oil is a keystone of global commerce. Less obvious, however, are the political and economic attitudes that formed the bedrock of industry in its early days.

Christopher Dietrich, Ph.D., an assistant professor of history, argues that oil production in the 20th century is linked to the redistribution of power in what he calls the “high era of decolonization.”

Throughout the 20th century, vast global empires such as Great Britain and France disintegrated, making room for dozens of new nations to materialize. And as these developing nations eschewed the colonialism of their past, the global economy began to change as well.

In his forthcoming bookShadows of Empire: Anti-Colonial Law and Economics in a Sovereign Era, Dietrich analyzes how staunch anti-colonial thought affected the international economy, including the oil industry, after World War II.

Political autonomy had an important upshot, Dietrich said, in that it allowed countries newly freed from imperialistic rule to develop without outside interference. However, there was also a downside: by declaring themselves sovereign nations in an international community, these countries closed themselves off from certain interactions and partnerships with the rest of the world.

Dietrich’s research traces the ramifications of sovereignty and oil production in the mid-20th century. He identifies a group he calls the “subaltern elite,” a loose collection of oil ministers, development economists, international lawyers, U.N. bureaucrats, and others who came to represent the interests of developing nations.

“These subaltern elites used the idea of sovereignty as the great organizing basis for the international community,” he said. “So you have this fairly cohesive group asserting national sovereignty as a right, especially the idea that a nation controls its natural resources.”

Different oil-producing nations came together officially in 1960 as the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), an intergovernmental cartel formed to coordinate the policies and interests of oil-producing countries. OPEC declared that each nation possessed a “sovereign right” its national resources. It was a declaration, however, that had paradoxical consequences.

“As that control became understood as a right of nations, the oil producers began to work together through OPEC to limit supply, therefore pushing up the price. But when they pushed up the price, [that extra cost]limited the ability of other nations to [remain]sovereign in the international community.”

This problem became apparent in 1973, when the Arab members of OPEC embargoed oil exports to certain nations and all members of OPEC introduced overall cuts in oil production. The action placed a huge financial burden on other developing nations struggling to assert their political autonomy. Countries that lacked natural oil resources of their own were forced to take out loans in order to replace the additional money they had to spend on oil.

“And where did they take out those loans from? Western banks. What were the promises they made when they took out those loans? That they wouldn’t nationalize, that they would open up their markets for foreign investment, that they would sell their goods into the international market and become part of this global capitalist system,” Dietrich said.

“And yet it’s independence from that type of global system that they sought when they emphasized their sovereignty during the previous two decades.”

In addition to studying the impact of anti-colonial thought, Dietrich researches the history of U.S. foreign policy and international opinion about those policies. He has published editorials on the concept of the United States as an “informal empire,” namely, a powerful nation that asserts control over other countries, people, or resources without formally colonizing them. Examples of the practice of informal empire include the Vietnam War, the extension of that war into Cambodia, and, more recently, the use of drones in the Middle East.

In a recent editorial for CNN, he noted that the Justice Department of the Obama Administration explicitly used a Nixonian legal rationale to justify drone strikes in Pakistan and Yemen.

“The argument is that because terrorist organizations move across borders, the United States itself needs to also move across borders, and has the right to do so,” he said. “This is bad logic and does very little to ensure American national security, no matter how broadly defined, and it actually does a great deal of damage to U.S. reputation… in the sense that it alienates the United States from most of the international community.”

While past and present instances of imperialistic overstretch are not often directly linked, Dietrich said, such policy decisions suggest a recurring problem.

“Nationspossessed with an outsizedconfidence are susceptible to attractions of simple solutions,” he added. “It’s very easy for American leaders to forget the complexity of the situations they’re dealing with, both historically and in the present.”


In the video below, Dietrich discusses how current U.S. foreign policy sometimes wrongly draws on the past to justify actions such as targeted killings:

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Fordham Faculty in the News https://now.fordham.edu/university-news/fordham-faculty-in-the-news/ Mon, 25 Mar 2013 18:46:55 +0000 http://news.fordham.sitecare.pro/?p=30026 Inside Fordham Online is proud to highlight faculty and staff who have recently
provided commentary in the news media. Congratulations for bringing the University
to the attention of a broad audience.


Aditi Bagchi,

associate professor of law, LAW,

“ESPN Accused in Dish Case of Giving Comcast Better Terms,” Bloomberg, February 11


Tom Beaudoin, Ph.D.,

associate professor of practical theology, GRE,

“Woodford and the Quest for Meaning,” ABC Radio, February 16


Mary Bly, Ph.D.,

professor of English, A&S,

How do Bestselling Novelists Court Cupid on Valentine’s Day?,” Washington Post, February 14


James Brudney,

professor of law, LAW,

Nutter Seeks High Court’s OK to Impose His Terms on City Workers,” Philly.com, March 1


Charles C. Camosy, Ph.D.,

assistant professor of theology, A&S,

Drone Warfare Faces Barrage of Moral Questions,” Catholic San Francisco, February 20


Colin M. Cathcart, M.F.A.,

associate professor of architecture, A&S,

New York City Traffic Ranked the Worst Among the Nation: Study,” AM New York, February 6


Saul Cornell, Ph.D.,

The Paul and Diane Guenther Chair in American History, A&S,

“After Newtown: Guns in America,” WNET-TV, February 19


Carole Cox, Ph.D.,

professor of social service, GSS,

Boomer Stress,” Norwich Bulletin, February 19


George Demacopoulos, Ph.D.,

associate professor of theology, A&S,

Pope Resignation,” ABC, World News Now, February 28


Christopher Dietrich, Ph.D.,

assistant professor of history, A&S,

Bad Precedent: Obama’s Drone Doctrine is Nixon’s Cambodia Doctrine (Dietrich),” Informed Comment, February 11


John Entelis, Ph.D.,

professor of political science, A&S,

“John Brennan,” BBC Radio, February 9


Howard Erichson,

professor of law, LAW,

High-Stakes Trial Begins for 2010 Gulf Oil Spill,” Amarillo Globe-News, February 25


Laura Gonzalez, Ph.D.,

assistant professor of finance, BUS,

Recortes al Presupuesto Podrían Afectar el Seguro Social y Medicare,” Mundo Fox, February 8


Albert Greco, Ph.D.,

professor of marketing, BUS,

Why Would Anyone Want to Buy a Bookstore?,” Marketplace, February 25


Karen J. Greenberg, Ph.D.,

director of the Center on National Security, LAW,

Alleged Sept. 11 Plotters in Court, but Lawyers Do the Talking,” National Public Radio, February 11


Stephen R. Grimm, Ph.D.,

associate professor of philosophy, A&S,

Grants from Foundations and Corporations of More Than $100,000 in 2013,” Chronicle of Philanthropy, February 28


Tanya Hernandez, Ph.D.,
professor of law, LAW,

Brazil’s Affirmative Action Law Offers a Huge Hand Up,” Christian Science Monitor, February 12


J. Patrick Hornbeck, Ph.D.,

assistant professor of theology, A&S,

Vatican Conclave,” Huffington Post, March 4


Robert Hume, Ph.D.,

associate professor of political science, A&S,

USA: Supreme Court Case Update – DOMA/Prop 8 Briefs Streaming In,” Gay Marriage Watch, February 28


Clare Huntington,

associate professor of law, LAW,

Sunday Dialogue: How to Give Families a Path Out of Poverty,” The New York Times, February 9


Nicholas Johnson,

professor of law, LAW,

Neil Heslin, Father of Newtown Victim, Testifies at Senate Assault Weapons Ban Hearing,”Huffington Post, February 27


Michael E. Lee, Ph.D.,

associate professor of theology, A&S,

Tiempo: Watch this Week’s Show,” WABC 7, February 17


Joseph T. Lienhard, S.J.,

professor of theology, A&S,

“Remembering Benedict — the Teacher, the Traditionalist,” The Saratogian, March 1


Dawn B. Lerman, Ph.D.,

director of the Center for Positive Marketing, marketing area chair, and professor of marketing, BUS,

Study: Google, Facebook, Walmart Fill Consumer Needs,” Tech Investor News, February 12


Paul Levinson, Ph.D.,

professor of communication and media studies, A&S,

 

Will Oscar Host Seth MacFarlane Be Asked Back? Probably Not,” Yahoo! News via Christian Science Monitor, February 26


Hector Lindo-Fuentes, Ph.D.,

professor of history and director of Latin American and Latino Studies, A&S,

Escaping Gang Violence, Growing Number of Teens Cross Border,” WNYC, December 28


Timothy Malefyt, Ph.D.,

visiting associate professor of marketing, BUS,

On TV, an Everyday Muslim as Everyday American,” The New York Times, February 8


Elizabeth Maresca,

clinical associate professor of law, LAW,

Poll: 87 Percent Say Never OK to Cheat on Taxes,” KWQC, February 26

Carlos McCray, Ed.D.,

associate professor of education leadership, GRE,

Cops Nab 5-Year-Old for Wearing Wrong Color Shoes to School,” Take Part, January 18


Micki McGee, Ph.D.,

assistant professor of sociology, A&S,

Do Self-Help Books Work?,” Chicago Sun Times, February 21


Mark Naison, Ph.D.,

professor of African and African American Studies and history, and principal investigator of the Bronx African American History Project (BAAHP), A&S,

Professor: Why Teach For America Can’t Recruit in my Classroom,” Washington Post, February 18


Costas Panagopoulos, Ph.D.,

associate professor of political science, A&S,

Analysis: Obama to Republicans – Can We Just Move On?,” WHTC 1450, February 13


Kimani Paul-Emile,

associate professor of law, LAW,

Some Patients Won’t See Nurses of Different Race,” Cleveland Plain Dealer via AP, February 22


Michael Peppard, Ph.D.,

assistant professor of theology, A&S,

Big Man on Campus isn’t on Campus,” Commonweal, February 20


Francis Petit, Ed.D.,

associate dean and director of Executive Programs, BUS,

Marissa Mayer Takes Flak for Gathering Her Troops,” E-Commerce Times, March 1


Rose Perez, Ph.D.,

assistant professor of social work, GSS,

Education Segment,” Mundo Fox, January 21


Wullianallur “R.P.” Raghupathi, Ph.D.,

professor of information systems, BUS,

¿Qué Tiene Silicon Valley para Producir ‘Frutos’ Como Steve Jobs?,” CNN, February 24


Joel Reidenberg, Ph.D.,

Stanley D. and Nikki Waxberg Chair and professor of law and founding academic director of the Center on Law and Information Policy, LAW,

Google App Store Policy Raises Privacy Concerns,” Reuters, February 14


Erick Rengifo-Minaya, Ph.D.,

associate professor of economics, BUS,

Noticias MundoFOX 10PM Parte II,” Mundo Fox Noticias, February 8


Patrick J. Ryan, S.J.,

The Laurence J. McGinley Professor of Religion and Society, A&S,

“Pope Resignation,” WNBC, Sunday “Today in NY,” March 13


Susan Scafidi,

professor of law, LAW,

Diamonds: How $60B Industry Thrives on Symbolism,” CBS This Morning, February 21


Christine Janssen-Selvadurai, Ph.D.,director of the entrepreneurship program at the Gabelli School of Business and co-director of both Fordham’s Center for Entrepreneurship and the Fordham Foundry, BUS,

NYC Embraces Silicon Valley’s Appetite for Risk,” Crain’s New York Business, February 6


Ellen Silber, Ph.D.,

director of Mentoring Latinas, GSS,

Mentoring Program Serves Young Latinas Aiming Higher in New York City,” Fox News Latino, February 25


Janet Sternberg, Ph.D.,assistant professor of communication and media studies, A&S,

What are You Supposed to Do When You Have, Like, 106,926 Unread Emails?,” Huffington Post, February 25


Maureen A. Tilley, Ph.D.,professor of theology, A&S,

“Pope Resignation: Interview with Maureen Tilley of Fordham University,” WPIX, February 17


Terrence W. Tilley, Ph.D.,

Avery Cardinal Dulles, S.J., Professor of Catholic Theology and chair of the department, A&S,


As Conclave to Select New Pope Begins, English-Speaking Cardinals Lead Charge to Reform Vatican,” Daily News, March 4


Peter Vaughan, Ph.D.,dean of the Graduate School of Social Service, GSS,

Ceremony Held for NASW Foundation Award Recipients,” Social Work Blog, February 28

 

 


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